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ative or secondary law (see 303);for natural inclination teaches that it is unbecoming for members ofthe s Accepting Gifts from Litigants or Others. There are, then, two degrees of moral debt. , beats his wife, runsdown a pedestrian, blasphemes, or provokes quarrels), and cannotremember on sobering up the chief things he said or did while drunk.

Though lawful, capital punishment is not always necessary; for itis a means to an end, and it may be omitted, therefore, when the endcan be obtained by the use of other and less severe means. Restitution isobligatory if the Mass is not applied, or if essential conditions arenot complied with; it is obligatory _sub gravi_, if the stipend equalswhat is relatively grave matter in theft. Even though he has made mistakesthrough excusable inadvertence or error, he becomes seriouslyresponsible for damage, if, foreseeing it, he does not do what is inhis power to avert it (see 1769). Itbelongs, however, not to the speculative, but to the practical reason,since it is not a mere proces